bryan's cross of gold political cartoon analysis
The platform would symbolize the repudiation of Cleveland and his policies after the insurgents' long struggle, and Bryan was determined to close the debate on the platform. [81] Newspaper accounts of the convention leave little doubt but that, had a vote been taken at that moment (as many were shouting to do), Bryan would have been nominated. [16] By 1893, his views on silver had evolved, and on the floor of the House of Representatives, he delivered a riveting three-hour address against repeal of the Silver Purchase Act. Such bills, sponsored by Bland, passed the House of Representatives in 1876 and 1877, but both times failed in the Senate. Gold Democrats looked to the President for leadership, but Cleveland, trusting few in his party, did not involve himself further in the gold efforts, but spent the week of the convention fishing off the New Jersey coast. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. In his "Cross of Gold" speech, Bryan argued that the debate over monetary policy was part of a broader struggle for democracy, political independence and the welfare of the "common man." Bryan's speech was met with rapturous applause and a celebration on the floor of the convention that lasted for over half an hour. Consciousness of grievances of years and not of months was reflected in the decisive action of the state Democratic conventions in the spring and early summer of 1896. Bryan's 1896 campaign was groundbreaking for more than his oratorical skill. They could only beg them to spare the party the humiliation of broken traditions and the overthrowing of established control. As Bryan was not deemed a major contender for the nomination, even delegates committed to a candidate could cheer him without seeming to betray their allegiance. Why, that man who used to boast that he looked like Napoleon, that man shudders today when he thinks that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. Bryan's speeches evolved over time; in December 1894, in a speech in Congress, he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address: as originally stated, it was "I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. [7], The Coinage Act of 1873 eliminated the standard silver dollar. They say we passed an unconstitutional law. According to Barnes: The people of the South and the West had for years been convinced of the enormity of the "crime of 1873", and they had long since come to regard silver as the sword that would cut the Gordian knot of privilege. . Although the recording does not capture the power and drama of the original address, it does allow us to hear Bryan delivering this famous speech.]. [79] He soon retired from the convention, returning to his hotel to await the outcome. Mr. Carlisle said in 1878 that this was a struggle between the idle holders of idle capital and the struggling masses who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country; and my friends, it is simply a question that we shall decide upon which side shall the Democratic Party fight. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time. Born Mark Elliot Zuckerberg May 14, 1984 (age 38) White Plains, New York, U.S. Education: Harvard University (dropped out) Occupations: Internet entrepreneur, philanthropist. Many Americans, however, believed that bimetallism (making both gold and silver legal tender) was necessary for the nation's economic health. Mr. [54] He was followed by two other gold men, Senator William Vilas of Wisconsin and former Massachusetts Governor William E. Russell. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned. We defy them! As Hill moved to the podium, a reporter friend passed Bryan a note urging him to make a patriotic speech without hint of sectionalism; Bryan responded, "You will not be disappointed. There are two ideas of government. Bryan had a distinguished and active political career, supporting workers' rights and women's suffrage while opposing monopolies and teaching evolution in schools. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Although Hamilton understood that adjustment might be needed from time to time as precious metal prices fluctuated, he believed that if the nation's unit of value were defined only by one of the two precious metals used for coins, the other would descend to the status of mere merchandise, unusable as a store of value. Vilas gave a lengthy defense of the Cleveland administration's policies, so long that Russell, fearing that Vilas' speech would cut into his time, asked that the time given to the gold proponents be extended by ten minutes. Some of the impoverished died of disease or starvation; others killed themselves.[15]. They called for the return to pre-1873 laws, which would require the Mint to take all the silver offered it and return it, struck into silver dollars. The most famous speech in American political history was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Bryan, who remained at his hotel, sent word to the Nebraska delegation to make no deals on his behalf. [11], In 1890, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act greatly increased government purchases of silver. The third ballot saw Bland still in the lead, but Bryan took the lead on the fourth ballot. ; William Jennings Bryan was a leading member of the Democratic party who ran for President several times. [84][85] On the second ballot, Bryan still stood second, but had gained as other candidates had fallen away. Unfortunately, no recordings exist of his original speech. When this debate is concluded, a motion will be made to lay upon the table the resolution offered in commendation of the administration and also the resolution in condemnation of the administration. [21] He traveled widely, speaking to audiences across the nation. The bankers did not want loans repaid in an inflated currencythe gold standard was deflationary, and as creditors, they preferred to be paid in such a currency, whereas debtors preferred to repay in inflated currency. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. The use of symbols: -the suit -gas station -the 2 trucks iii. Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the sentiments of the country? It is the issue of 1776 over again. . Full text and audio version of "Cross of Gold" at History Matters. It is intended to spark pedagogical creativity by giving a sample approach to the material. He was defeated in the general election by the Republican candidate, former Ohio governor William McKinley . He was nominated two more times as the Democratic presidential nominee, but he lost again to McKinley in 1900 and to Republican candidate William H. Taft (1857-1930) in 1908. [53] Tillman's speech, scheduled to be the only one in support of silver except Bryan's, was so badly received that Senator Jones, who had not planned to speak, gave a brief address asserting that silver was a national issue. The galleries were filled with white as spectators waved handkerchiefs, and it was several minutes before he could continue. [66][70], Through this passage, Bryan maintained the contrast between the common man and the city-dwelling elite. The miners who go 1,000 feet into the earth or climb 2,000 feet upon the cliffs and bring forth from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured in the channels of trade are as much businessmen as the few financial magnates who in a backroom corner the money of the world. Once the convention came to order, Arkansas Senator James K. Jones, chair of the Committee on Resolutions, read the proposed platform to cheers by many delegates; the reading of the pro-gold minority report attracted less applause. If they ask us here why it is we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that if protection has slain its thousands the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. Cross of Gold speech, classic of American political oratory delivered on July 8, 1896, by William Jennings Bryan in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago during the campaign for the presidential election of 1896. It showed American support for european economic interests in East Africa. . Cross of Gold speech, classic of American political oratory delivered on July 8, 1896, by William Jennings Bryan in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago during the campaign for the presidential election of 1896. Nevertheless, he won the nomination without the votes of the gold delegates, most of whom either left the convention or refused to vote. I shall not slander the fair state of Massachusetts nor the state of New York by saying that when citizens are confronted with the proposition, Is this nation able to attend to its own business?I will not slander either one by saying that the people of those states will declare our helpless impotency as a nation to attend to our own business. The memorable speech was given at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Gold_speech&oldid=1138712489, United States National Recording Registry recordings, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox event with unknown parameters, Pages using infobox event with blank parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bryan nominated for president by the Democrats, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 05:01. Standing upon this victory-crowned summit, will it turn its face to the rising or the setting sun? Leave a comment. They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. Bryan continued with language evoking the Civil War, telling his audience that "in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. But we stand here representing people who are the equals before the law of the largest cities in the state of Massachusetts. It also repealed the statutory provisions allowing silver bullion to be presented to the Mint and returned in the form of circulating money. [45] The DNC's action could be reversed, but not until the convention's credentials committee reported. Our silver Democrats went forth from victory unto victory, until they are assembled now, not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment rendered by the plain people of this country. [87] The pro-silver Cleveland Plain Dealer called Bryan's speech "an eloquent, stirring, and manly appeal". Here is the line of battle. That was Cicero, who destroyed the conspiracies of Cataline and saved Rome. 7.5 x 4.75 in. Ah, my friends. Circulars were being distributed in Illinois, and admirers in Nebraska, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and other states were urging his selection among their friends. As yet, no one at the convention had effectively spoken for that cause, which was paramount to the delegates. Reprinted in The Annals of America, Vol. Why this change? The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest of principle. He had already begun work on a speech. Will it choose blessings or cursingslife or deathwhich? madonna album sales worldwide soldiers and sailors memorial auditorium events jeffrey disick death brightness of a colour crossword clue 4 letters nba 2k22 lakers all time roster Angered by Cleveland's actions in the labor dispute, and by his uncompromising stand against silver, Altgeld began to organize Democrats against Cleveland's renomination in 1896. [Note on the recording: In 1896 recording technology was in its infancy, and recording a political convention would have been impossible. The Republicans gained control of the House, as well as the Senate, which until 1913 was elected by the state legislatures rather than by the popular vote. Pro-silver forces, with congressional leaders such as Missouri Representative Richard P. Bland, sought the passage of bills to allow depositors of silver bullion to receive it back in the form of coin. [97] Bryan won the South and most of the West, but McKinley's victories in the more populous Northeast and Midwest carried him to the presidency. "[1], As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. In the late 1800's a populist movement was happening and people were starting to take notice. [27] However, part of his strategy was to remain inconspicuous until the last possible moment at the convention. McKinley won more easily than in 1896, making inroads in the silver West. The Nebraskan later described the audience as like a trained choir. They have tried for thirty yearsthirty yearsto secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who dont want it at all. Nevertheless, large crowds gathered outside the public entrances; the galleries were quickly packed. However, he lost the general election to William McKinley, and the United States formally adopted the gold standard in 1900. The Washington Post newspaper recorded, "bedlam broke loose, delirium reigned supreme. Bensel ties the delegates' response to Bryan's address to their uncertainty in their own beliefs: In a very real sense, adoption of the silver plank in the platform was akin to a millennial expectation that the "laws of economics" would henceforth be suspended and that the silver men could simply "will" that silver and gold would, in fact, trade on financial markets at a ratio of sixteen to one. Why? He then defended the remainder of the platform, though only speaking in general terms. "[89] The New York Times disparaged Bryan as "the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska". The policemen were swept away by the flood of delegates, who raised Bryan to their shoulders and carried him around the floor. We say to you that you have made too limited in its application the definition of a businessman. He says that we are opposing the national bank currency. A. His speech, delivered at the close of the debate on the party platform, electrified the convention and is generally credited with earning him the nomination for president. [10], Implementation of the BlandAllison Act did not end calls for free silver. 12, 18951904: Populism, Imperialism, and Reform (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1968), 100105. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. time before some commentator alludes to William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic convention as the leading example of an orator's ability to sway listeners. The person who gave the Cross of Gold speech was the orator and politician William Jennings Bryan. Cleveland friend and former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson wrote to the President in June 1896 hoping that the delegates would recognize "common sense" and be frightened at the thought of nominating a radical. [90], The Pullman Company offered Bryan a private car for his trip home; he declined, not wishing to accept corporate favors. [9], To advocates of what became known as free silver, the 1873 act became known as the "Crime of '73". They complain about the plank which declares against the life tenure in office. Bryan traveled 18,000 miles by train to give over 600 speeches (36 in one day) to about five million people. "[69] The gold men, during the address, paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan's oratory. The new unit of currency was defined to be equal to 24.75 grains (1.604g) of gold, or alternatively, 371.25 grains (24.057g) of silver, establishing a ratio of value between gold and silver of 15:1. The temporary chairmanship, for example, would have permitted him to deliver the keynote address. Students will be engaged by analyzing this speech, a political cartoon, and being able to critically think . Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. [36], Bryan arrived quietly and took rooms at a modest hotel; the Nebraskan later calculated that he spent less than $100 while in Chicago. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. McKinley on the other hand, opted for a front porch campaign. Shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to 70 million, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? The gold men, though they possessed the machinery of the party, had neither the power nor the strength to challenge their opponents. Political cartoons are generally regarded as a hypertrophied imagination of the political or social reality of the particular time epoch. Because upon the paramount issue in this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. How is it today? [64], Bryan's opening claimed no personal prestige for himselfbut nevertheless placed him as the spokesman for silver. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. In later years Bryan delivered numerous variations on the speech, some captured on early phonograph recordings. Sources. "[55] Hill gave a calm speech defending the gold position, and swayed few delegates. On the 4th of March, 1895, a few Democrats, most of them members of Congress, issued an address to the Democrats of the nation asserting that the money question was the paramount issue of the hour; asserting also the right of a majority of the Democratic Party to control the position of the party on this paramount issue; concluding with the request that all believers in free coinage of silver in the Democratic Party should organize and take charge of and control the policy of the Democratic Party. UPTO 50% OFF ON ALL PRODUCTS. The gentleman from New York says that he will propose an amendment providing that this change in our law shall not affect contracts which, according to the present laws, are made payable in gold. However, Bryan, lacking a seat at the start of the convention, could not be elected temporary chairman. He says that he wants this country to try to secure an international agreement. We believe it is a part of sovereignty and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than can the power to make penal statutes or levy laws for taxation. That is the question that the party must answer first; and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. Grant Hamilton cartoon for Judge Magazine on William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech, Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 9, 1896. There were a large number of potential candidates seen as having less support; these included Vice President Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, Senator Joseph C. Blackburn of Kentucky, Senator Teller, and Bryan.[43]. Gold Democrats were successful in a few states in the Northeast, but had little luck elsewhere. This handout is a great resource for helping students analyze this key political cartoon from the Populist Movement and the Election of 1896 featuring William Jennings Bryan and the "Cross of Gold" speech. [8] During the economic chaos of the Panic of 1873, the price of silver dropped significantly, but the Mint would accept none for striking into legal tender. free coinage of silver at silver-gold ratio of 16 to 1 issue in Bryan's Cross of Gold speech 19. "[91] Bryan's words gave rise to later economic and political philosophies, including Huey Long's 1930s Share Our Wealth program, with its trigger phrase, "Every Man a King" inspired by Bryan's speech. Bryan consented, on condition that his own time was extended by the same amount; this was agreed to. It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. The Cross of Gold speechwas delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representativefrom Nebraska, at the Democratic National Conventionin Chicagoon July 9, 1896. [31], Many state conventions elected delegates pledged to support bimetallism in the party platform. At the. (Wikipedia). During the convention, he. [27] The leader of those who left was Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller; he was immediately spoken of as a possible candidate for the Democratic nomination. The silver would be struck into dollar coins to be circulated, or else stored and used as backing for silver certificates. ; B. [1], Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. [68] He denied, however that the contest was personal; he bore no ill-will towards those who supported the gold standard. [44] Bryan had been waiting outside the committee room when his rivals were seated by a 2723 vote; contemporary accounts state he was "somewhat surprised" at the result. All rights reserved. In his address, Bryan supported "free silver" (i.e. Latuff here in this cartoon is showing the uncaring of the president to the country. [74], With this call to action, Bryan abandoned any hint at compromise, and adopted the techniques of the radical, polarizing orator, finding no common ground between silver and gold forces. The gentleman from Wisconsin has said he fears a Robespierre. "Strictly confidential, not to be quoted for publication: I will be. They can find where the holders of fixed investments have. They have tried to strain it to mean that which it does not mean. [37] He arrived convinced that he would win the nomination. We do not come as aggressors. Second, like many people, Bryan thought the gold standard disadvantaged the working classes and farmers by keeping the price of debt high. The audio portion is an excerpt. But in this contest, brother has been arrayed against brother, and father against son. When you come before us and tell us that we shall disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your action. He stood second out of fourteen candidates in the first ballot, behind Bland. When the Republicans in June 1896 nominated former Ohio Governor William McKinley for president and passed at his request a platform strongly supporting "sound money" (the gold standard unless modified by international agreement), a number of "Silver Republicans" walked out of the convention. However, the senator wanted 50 minutes to speak, too long for a closing address, and at Bryan's request agreed to open the debate instead. The Akron Journal and Republican, no friend to Bryan, opined that "never probably has a national convention been swayed or influenced by a single speech as was the national Democratic convention". But note the change. The only gold man who put together any sort of campaign for the Democratic nomination was Treasury Secretary One of the leaders of the silver movement was Illinois Governor Altgeld; a native of Germany, he was constitutionally barred from the presidency by his foreign birth. We defy them! [96] Bryan spoke on silver throughout the campaign; he rarely addressed other issues. [63] Two alert police officers had joined Bryan as he left the podium, anticipating the crush. German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. Forward-Looking Statements Except for historical information, this presentation may contain certain "forward-looking statements". [57] Bryan then defended the right of silver supporters to make their argument against opposition from gold men, who were associated with financial interests, especially in the East. The 1880s saw a steep decline in the prices of grain and other agricultural commodities. Three months later, at Memphis, an organization was perfected, and the silver Democrats went forth openly and boldly and courageously proclaiming their belief and declaring that if successful they would crystallize in a platform the declaration which they had made; and then began the conflict with a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the crusaders who followed Peter the Hermit. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. He mocked McKinley, said by some to resemble Napoleon, noting that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. This was not the case; Bryan was well known as an orator on the tariff and silver questions. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. American cartoon by Grant Hamilton, 1896, on William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which won Bryan the presidential nomination. He faced in the direction of the gold-dominated state delegations: There are two ideas of government. TABLE 7 Comparative Analysis of Two Theoretical Explanations of Personality . The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. From the beginning of the speech, Bryan suggests that his cause is righteous and. Let me call attention to two or three great things. [87] The Chicago Tribune reported that Bryan had lit the spark "which touched off the trail of gun-powder". My friends, we have made no criticism. W.J. [32], The 1896 Democratic convention opened at the Chicago Coliseum on July 7, 1896. "[60] Bensel noted, "The pump was more than primed, it was ready to explode. At 36 years old, with two terms in Congress and a failed 1894 run for Senate under his belt, Bryan was the party's most outspoken and effective champion of silver. [3], In the early 19th century, the economic disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars caused United States gold coins to be worth more as bullion than as money, and they vanished from circulation. [88] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, Bryan "just about immortalized himself". In his address, Bryan supported "free silver" (i.e. This paper presents a formal analysis of political cartoons using methods from classical semiotics, semiotic morphisms, and in particular the study of blends. The legislation also established the Mint of the United States. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strikeworkers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made railroad cars, had struck after wages were cut. The Republican Party platform for the election, formulated at its convention in St. Louis in June, declared, We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency. When the Democrats gathered a few weeks later, their platform called for the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold. In an eloquent plea for the coinage of silver and an attack on the thesis that gold was the only sound backing for currency, Bryan closed with the peroration, you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns. This presentation may contain certain & quot ; forward-looking Statements & quot ; free silver 1890, the Democratic! 21 ] he soon retired from the beginning of the largest cities in Senate... On condition that his own time was extended by the Republican candidate, former Ohio governor McKinley... To put the burdens of government justly upon the paramount issue in Bryan & # x27 ; a... 88 ] the St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, a political convention would have been scorned definition. The Republican candidate, former Ohio governor William McKinley, and being able to think... 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