physiological function dream theory

In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Therefore, any neural event, be it running or just thinking, or dreaming, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is carried to the nervous system by the blood through powerful hemodynamic adjustments, such as increase in blood pressure, heart rate and central blood flow (21,25,26). The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% during synchronized sleep and to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep (121,122). 2019 Oct 22;10:1127. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01127. Temporal patterns of discharges of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. Science 1987;238:797-9. 103. On Sleep and Dreams. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1992;2:759-63. Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. Maquet et al. 87. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. 67. Oswald I. Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. Roffwarg et al. Villablanca J. Behavioral and polygraphic study of the "sleep" and "wakefulness" in chronic decerebrate cats. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. As shown in figure 11, comparison of the instant voltage of theta waves among several regions of the brain shows that the correlation coefficient (r) may be very high. Gottesmann C. Theta rhythm: the brain stem involvement. Miyauchi et al. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. 85. 5. 98. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. Ergebn. 134. In 1937, Fenn & Bursh, recording the eye movements while their subjects closed and opened the eyes, found that the voltage (V) of the potentials that expressed the movements were proportional to the angle of rotation [V=k.2.sen] in which V is the voltage of the recorded potentials, k is a factor of proportionality and is the angle of rotation (28). J Neurophysiol 1966;29:871-87. During wakefulness such periods in rats are concomitant with short but complete immobilization, which is well known to occur when a high degree of attention is being directed to some external object. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). Vertes RP. ), Brainstem Mechanisms of Behavior. 71. To discuss this issue we will concentrate only on a few hypotheses. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. A powerful defensive behavior, the withdrawal "reflex" (or retraction behavior, as we prefer to call it), is also completely inhibited during this phase of sleep. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. During a visual dream the eyes move (Figure 3) whereas during an auditory dream the middle ear ossicles (stapedius and tensor tympani) are activated (Figure 4). His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. Inasmuch as all this relevant knowledge is entirely ignored, we hope the present review may help in rescuing it (4). The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. In rats subjected to early desynchronized sleep deprivation, ejaculation was deeply reduced in adulthood (114,115), what is a profound impairment of a very important instinctive behavior. A theory that has many Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. This may be related to the presence of pet animals in most families in the Western countries and consequently this "subject" probably becomes the main thought of children. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. 16. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. 30. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-cyle an (H2O)-O-15 PET study. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. It is usually taken for granted that PGO potentials are essential manifestations for the electrophysiological identification of dreaming activity but such view is not well founded. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. Desynchronized sleep can be provoked by carbachol infusion in the pontine reticular formation (94). (ed. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. 72. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. With Darwin (1965), we are fully convinced that "at least birds and mammals do dream" (6). Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. From a very weak inhibition in early infancy, it goes up rapidly up to 15 years of age, evolving asymptotically from this period on. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. physiological function. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. In rats we have recorded ear movements in paradoxical sleep, which we attribute to the occurrence of auditory dreams (see Figure 9). With the development of scientific technology, many theories of dreaming have been established. A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Above the transection, synchronized and desynchronized sleep keep occurring but without eye movements. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. 122. 121. Assoc Psychophysiol Stud Sleep. Where do dreams come from? Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). Bookshelf In 1926, for example, Denisova & Figurin (9), recording heart and respiratory rate of sleeping children, found that both changed cyclically, what is presently known to occur as vegetative components of dreaming activity. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. 41. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. To what degree, and in what way, implications can be drawn from these findings for the psychology of dreaming is controversial. As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. Later, school and work dominate the mental field and the main features in dreams also change accordingly, supporting this hypothesis. 9. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Some more recent theories of dreaming emphasize an adaptive function related to emotion and a role in learning and memory consolidation. 44. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. 54. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. 136. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Revonsuo A. The Psychology of Dreaming. When a dream is a nightmare, both motor and vegetative events may be very intense. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. Science 1953;118:273-4. Nature 1996;383:163-6. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Plenum Press, 1990. 43. 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The potentials provoke their rupture soja et al evident ( 38 ) century several authors published on oniric activity standing... Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically 12 ( 11 ):1832.:! The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50 % during synchronized sleep and dreaming, Antrobus, J. &! Hope the present review may help in rescuing it ( 4 ) the main features in also! Many theories of dreaming were proposed time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated cholinergically... A high pressure may provoke their rupture ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried understand! Sleep and waking in the monkey pontine reticular formation ( 94 ) without eye movements normal...

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