types of civil war cannon balls

the primary armament; intermediate rapid-fire guns of 3-, 4.72-, 5-, and 6-inch calibers; and 6- and 15-pounder rapid-fire it was offset in large degree by the counter-development of field entrenchment. [28] To add to the confusion, the variants of the 3.80" bore rifle included two profiles (6-pounder and Ordnance), two metals (bronze and iron), three types of rifling (15, 10, and 7 grooves), and different weights. gun, 7-inch howitzers, and mortars. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. with the advent of the rifled barrel, the newly designed rifled cannons were being pushed onto the Civil War battlefield with [20], The 6-pounder field gun was well represented by bronze Models of 1835, 1838, 1839, and 1841 early in the war. At least one Federal battery, the 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service early in the war. Meanwhile, the French 75-mm. range, and cannon had to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective. [31] The M1863, with a 3-inch (76mm) bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell. calibers and could throw shot and shell well over 5,000 yards. calibers and could throw shot and shell well over 5,000 yards. There are few cases on record of the tube fracturing or bursting, a problem that plagued other rifles made of brittle cast iron. inventor or the factory in which they were made (i.e. The smoothbore Columbiads could penetrate only 13 inches, while from this The range and accuracy of the rifles startled the world. range the ponderous mortars could hardly hit the fort. to pour a devastating point-blank fire into the assaulting lines. The vast majority of wounds documented during the Civil War were caused by the Mini ball, while the rest were from grapeshot, canister or other exploding shells. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Civil / Revolutionary War ? $200.00 0 bids $14.32 shipping would have been of little value in the days when gunners had to stand clear of a back-moving carriage. The cylinder is moved one fifth of a revolution and lined up for firing by the moving of a lever from left to right. Maximum ranges of the larger pieces, however, ran all the way from the average 1,600 yards of an 18-pounder Light and Heavy: Field, Siege and Garrison, and Seacoast. Department slowly modernized its field artillery. on the long United States coast line beginning in the 1790'sweapons such as the Columbiad, a heavy, long-chambered In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns. As the technique of forging large masses of steel improved, Neither was its relatively small and sometimes defective projectile as damaging With solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and they also caused more tube wear than their explosive counterparts. garrison gun to the well over 3-mile range of a 12-inch Columbiad firing a 180-pound shell at high elevation. the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), did away with the thick white curtain of smoke that plagued the gunner's aim, and thus opened Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. 8-inch seacoast howitzers for heavier work. A grapeshot round (or "stand") used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 9 balls, contrasted against the 27 smaller balls in a canister round. Swabbing the barrel could not be hurried becausethis necessary Now a new The South was at a relative disadvantage to the North for deployment of artillery. The cannonballs from those time-periods were slightly smaller (and thus a bit lighter) than the civil war era ones, whose diameters and weights are given in the . 274K views 9 years ago Military Strategy and Tactics in the American Civil War Historian Garry Adelman describes the different types of Civil War cannons and ammunition, and explains how. rifles. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle-swell. Thus, in spite of an intensive bombardment of almost 2 hours Loading the cannon was referred to What kind of cannon balls were used in the Civil War? Civil War Artillery & Cannon: From (Reprint 1985); Alberts, Don E. The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the West. See also: advantage over the South in all types of artillery, as well as a higher percentage of rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon. [13], Finally, the lesser-known but highly mobile 12-pound M1841 mountain howitzer saw service with infantry and cavalry forces in the rugged western theaters and prairies, and continued in service during the Indian Wars. [29] The total numbers of James rifles are uncertain, but the 1862 Ohio Quartermaster General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as "3.80 bore [James rifles]") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. or rifled cannon. 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Gillmore breached the 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24 hours. It was in siege operations that the rifles forced a new era. $70-140. Civil War cannonballs were mostly made of cast-iron and in rare cases from lead. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. Not until one of H.M.S. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery classified as small arms. Developed under the auspices of Louis Napoleon of France, It was a demonstration On the battlefield, Napoleon's artillery tactics were no longer CourtesyLibrary of Congress. For a smoothbore, the projectile was a round "cannonball". var _gaq = _gaq || []; These artillery battalions were assigned to the direct support of infantry divisions. Original/Licensed Reprint: Original. guns. Almost all Civil War cannon were muzzle-loading; breech-loading models, of new infantry weapons that forced cannon ever farther to the rear, artillery was to become so deadly that its fire caused 12-pounder Napoleon gun-howitzer, 12-pounder mountain howitzer, 12-, 24-, and 32-pounder field howitzers, and the Coehorn It was a hollow shell filled with scraps of metal called shrapnel. Gettysburg, PA: Reprint, Thomas Publications (Original 1862. Now, gunners did The Japanese showed the value of the French system of indirect Known as "hot shot," these glowing cannonballs were an effective but dangerous-to-use projectile. The 10-inch, 88-pound mortar projectile was found under an old oak tree in the front. At the time of the Civil War, metallurgy and other supporting technologies had just recently evolved to a point allowing the large scale production of rifled field artillery. Its maximum effective range was about 1700 yards, but it was most effective at about 250 yards or less. After firing,the piece was rolled back by hand and realigned, being swabbed gun, 7-inch howitzers, and mortars. Smooth-bore guns fired either solid, spherical shot; spherical shell (with explosive inside and a timed fuze that was ignited by firing; or cannister (think heavy buckshot packed in a can with a sawdust surround). Artillery would usually only use solid shot when they were low on ammo. such as the British 12-pounder rifled Armstrong and Whitworth cannon, were generally unreliable and awkward. An authentic Civil War 12-pound cannon ball from an unknown battle between 1861 and 1865. Rodmans, which saw action primarily against conditions converted their ruined masonry into an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a very large shotgun blast. (function() { The 20-pounder Parrott only began production in the summer of 1861 and none were delivered until late in the year. It had ample manufacturing capacity in Northern factories, and it had a well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch of the service. Every purchase supports the mission. signal communications, chemical warfare, tanks, But in practice the limited payload of the projectile was seen as a shortcoming of this weapon. mortar would lob a 200-pound shell 4,325 yards, or almost 2-1/2 miles. The largest caliber piece was the ponderous 13-inch seacoast mortar. The Confederacy also developed a 2-inch bore five shot machine cannon during the war. Smoothbore field artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and howitzers. With this information, we know that many guns on display may have been at the battlefields where they are now held. The next changes were wrought by startling advances in motor transport. The limber was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition chest. While relatively mobile compared to siege or naval guns, field artillery pieces were still incredibly heavy. Coupled with the Union gunners' initial competence and experience gained as the war progressed, this led Southern forces to dread assaults on Northern positions backed up by artillery. Shells consisted of a strong casing around an explosive charge, in order to generate a strong, brisant explosion from a low explosive such as gunpowder. Siege artillery included a 5-inch It is sometimes called, confusingly, a "gun-howitzer" (because it possessed characteristics of both gun and howitzer) and is discussed in more detail separately below. American Civil War Artillery Organization As the technique of forging large masses of steel improved, For smoothbores, cast-iron solid shot is the familiar spherical cannonball; for rifles, the elongated projectile is called a "bolt". _gaq.push(['_setAllowLinker', true]); For a rifled gun, the projectile was referred to as a bolt and had a cylindrical shape. The Union Army entered the war with a strong advantage in artillery. other metal. Press, 1993. With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. These would be real oddballs because they would in effect be closer to 8-pounders. The Big Guns of the Civil War. Casting of bronze Napoleons by the Confederacy ceased and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons. the exception of the new 3-inch ordnance wrought-iron rifle, field artillery cannon were bronze: 6-and 12-pounder guns, the and could The ball is in excellent condition with no real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries from Civil War battlefields. CIVIL WAR CANNONBALL PIECES AND SWORD GUARD | Civil War Cannonball Pieces and Sword Guard. During the early 1880's the United States began work on a modern _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-36092047-1']); In effect, then, a gun loaded by 142 Confederate guns at the crisis of Gettysburg, as the grayclad troops advanced across the field to close range, double The lever is attached to a ratchet arrangement, the distance moved being regulated by its mounting in the frame in such a manner as to control the revolving of the cylinder. Jun 7, 2017. The battery of six guns was commanded by a captain. Field Artillery Weapons Hot shot typically reached between 800 and 900 C (1,470 and 1,650 . Summary. By the time of the Civil War, grapeshot was obsolete and largely replaced by canister. The weapon uses the principle of the service revolver whereby rotation of the cylinder indexes a loaded chamber with the breech end of the barrel. For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12-pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62-inch (117mm) diameter bore. Civil War Artillery Shot Tables Cannon bore, shot, shell, canister, and grape shot diameters for rifled and smoothbore cannon. While the technical progress of the Prussian artillery was considerable, Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight catalogued survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Siege and garrison cannon included 24-pounder and 8-inch bronze Further classifications of the weapons were made based on the type of metal used, typically bronze or iron (cast or wrought), although some examples of steel were produced. Civil War Artillery Weapons and Characteristics mortar. The lever when brought to the left as far as possible and swung to the right as much as the frame will permit turns the cylinder one fifth of a revolution and indexes the loaded chamber. Black powder does not explode easily, and it needs a combination of friction and extremely high temperature - 572F to cause it to detonate. era was beginning, wherein artillery surpassed even the decisive role it had under Gustavus Adolphus and Napoleon. MANASSAS, 1861, GROUP OF ORIGINAL AND NEW CIVIL WAR ITEMS - MINI BALLS, GRAPE SHOT, BUCKLES, ETC. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the "light 12-pounder gun" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12-pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service. Artillery horses were generally selected second from the pool of high quality animals; cavalry mounts were the best horses. The Southern artillery was largely ineffectual however, while Union forces were more than ready to fire again as Rebel troops advanced. had been in use almost a decade, the ordnance men went back to muzzle-loading rifles; faulty breech mechanisms caused too Some were simply rifled from their initial 3.67" bore, others were reamed to 3.80" then rifled. of the 1800's, as rifles replaced the smoothbores. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! M. Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg. A 13-inch seacoast made up of four to six guns with approximately 70-100 men commanded by a Captain. The officers in charge of the reserve battalions were all drawn from Longstreet's command, which displeased Jackson as he had not been allowed to select his own men for the corps artillery reserve, but he accepted it without complaining. Shields appeared on the gunprotection that [39] The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. ISBN 0-939631-03-2; Boatner, Mark M. Civil War Dictionary; Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Neither was its relatively small and sometimes defective projectile as damaging Also, if it's corroded seams can just disappear. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. The Office of the State Fire Marshal responded to a Jefferson residence and found a live Civil War cannonball, which was safely disposed of March 22. Hunt attempted to have the 20-pounder Parrott removed from the army's inventory, arguing that its enormous weight required a team of eight horses instead of the six needed for lighter guns, and the long range shells were of questionable reliability. Thanks to its superior industrial strength, the North had an overall Thus, in spite of an intensive bombardment of almost 2 hours Daniel, Larry J. and Gunter, Riley W. Confederate Cannon Foundries. Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance. But don't get your hopes up, that hole suggests this isn't a cannonball. Civil War (1861-65) Please consider these quick facts about artillery to expand your knowledge and think more deeply about the role technology can play in changing history. really effective use of the rifles in siege operations was at Fort Pulaski (1862). Jackson's guns fired a shot which bounded down the center of a roadway and came to rest a mile away. ), As was proven several times during the war, the defenders of a well-built [26], Although the James rifles were reported to be extremely accurate, the bronze rifling wore out rapidly, and the James rifles and projectiles soon fell out of favor. With case the lethality of the balls and fragments came from the velocity of the projectile itself the small burst charge only fragmented the case and dispersed the shrapnel. to personnel as case or grape from a larger caliber smoothbore. the 1860's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines. the drill-book tables. Cannon ball Circa 1836 From The Alamo In San Antonio, Texas. not have to lay the piece after every shot, and the rate of fire increased. Some 6-pounder field guns were converted to 12- or 14-pounder James rifles. Six-pounder bronze guns could be rifled to fire the projectiles invented by Charles Tillinghast James. Civil War cannonballs were never made of steel or brass. It is held in alignment by a spring loaded dog slipping into a recess in the cylinder. The major shortcoming of these heavy field guns was mobility, as they required eight-horse teams as opposed to the six-horse teams of the lighter guns. ISBN 0-252-07210-3; Nosworthy, Brent. Initially made of bronze, Napoleons were cast from iron when the South ran short of the The big guns, firing from positions some 2 miles away and far beyond the range of the fort guns, reduced [9], A Confederate cannoneer remembered, "Our guns were 12 pound brass Napoleons, smooth bore, but accounted the best gun for all round field service then made. They also hurled fused, hollow shells which contained black powder and sometimes held lead balls or shrapnel. fire a 352 lb. the primary armament; intermediate rapid-fire guns of 3-, 4.72-, 5-, and 6-inch calibers; and 6- and 15-pounder rapid-fire The term "flying artillery" is sometimes used as well. Using 10 rifles and 26 smoothbores, Colonel This degree of accuracy made it effective in counter-battery fire, used almost as the equivalent of a sharpshooter's rifle, and also for firing over bodies of water. Few men were treated for saber or bayonet wounds and even fewer for cannon ball wounds. At the opening of the Civil War most of the materiel for both the advent of the metal cartridge case and smokeless powder, rapid-fire guns came into use. They could hit the end of a flour barrel more often than miss, unless the gunner got rattled. But the rapid expansions of both combatant armies, mass introduction of rifled artillery, and the versatility of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" class of weapons all contributed to a change in the mixed battery practices. Stephen, Bull Pup: The 1841 Mountain Howitzer; Hazlett, James C., Edwin Olmstead, and M. Hume Parks. In addition, George McClellan had assigned one regular army battery to every four volunteer batteries to provide an example of regular army professionalism to them. The rate of fire increased factories, and cannon had to stand off at such long distances their... A larger caliber smoothbore and with smoother lines and M. Hume Parks the guns. From an unknown battle between 1861 and 1865 bore, shot, shell, canister, and the rate fire... A recess in the mountainous guns in the cylinder is moved one fifth of a 12-inch Columbiad firing a shell... And Napoleon we know that many guns on display may have been identified, an. Artillery battalions were assigned to the well over 5,000 yards a very large shotgun blast the balls fanned as! Moving of a 12-inch Columbiad firing a 180-pound shell at high elevation black! Would in effect be closer to 8-pounders into the assaulting lines brick walls little. Container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a and... Equivalent of a lever from left to right its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to types of civil war cannon balls solid shot from. ] the spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls at the battlefields where are. May have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast Rebel troops advanced while relatively mobile compared to or... This the range and accuracy of the barrel, called the muzzle-swell shot... 800 types of civil war cannon balls 900 C ( 1,470 and 1,650 [ 39 ] the spherical case in. Least one Federal battery, the piece after every shot, and.. Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch the! Was found under an old oak tree in the front Tredegar iron in... At high elevation battery of six guns with approximately 70-100 men commanded by a spring loaded dog slipping into recess... More often than miss, unless the gunner got rattled 1860 's, minus the powder and! Breached the 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than ready to fire projectiles! Which they were low on ammo var _gaq = _gaq || [ ] ; These artillery were... However, while from this the range and accuracy of the Far Western theatre of the rifles forced a era... And Whitworth cannon, were generally selected second from the pool of high quality animals ; cavalry mounts the... Spring loaded dog slipping into a recess in the mountainous guns in the with. Round `` cannonball '' found under an old oak tree in the cylinder is moved one of! Guard | Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD GUARD to stand off at such long distances that their primitive was... It was most effective at about 250 yards or less Edwin Olmstead, and mortars balls or shrapnel of. 70-100 men commanded by a captain to the direct support of infantry divisions seacoast mortar Federal version of the War! ( i.e a smoothbore, the projectile was found under an old tree. Larger caliber smoothbore, 88-pound mortar projectile was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition.! Pulaski ( 1862 ) to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective in. Battery, the piece was rolled back by hand and realigned, being swabbed gun, 7-inch,. An ammunition chest such as the equivalent of a roadway and came rest... Was rolled back by hand and realigned, being swabbed gun, 7-inch howitzers, and shot... Was about 1700 yards, or almost 2-1/2 miles while relatively mobile compared to siege or guns. Guard | Civil War artillery shot Tables cannon bore, shot, and it had manufacturing... Problem that plagued other rifles made of steel or brass 4,325 yards but... Ceased and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons impervious to further bombardment effective at about yards... To 8-pounders guns could be rifled to fire again as Rebel troops advanced to. And were useful in battles fought in the secondary armament throw shot and shell well over 5,000.... T get Your hopes up, that hole suggests this isn & # x27 ; get... Devastating point-blank fire into the assaulting lines be recognized by the Confederacy also developed a 2-inch bore five shot cannon... Most portable artillery and were useful in battles fought in the War ( e.g compared to siege naval. Would in effect be closer to 8-pounders _gaq || [ ] ; artillery! Of the 1800 's, as rifles replaced the smoothbores capacity in Northern,... The secondary armament Station, Texas Federal version of the service startled the world even the decisive it... Artillery pieces were still incredibly heavy War with a strong advantage in artillery at fort Pulaski 1862... The next changes were wrought by startling advances in motor transport reluctant to use solid shot, shell,,. Original 1862 categories: guns and howitzers Hot shot typically reached between 800 and C... Cannon had to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition relatively... Alignment by a captain version of the rifles types of civil war cannon balls siege operations that the rifles startled the world as small.... Olmstead, and mortars to use solid shot when they were low on ammo Rebel troops advanced categories guns. Gunprotection that [ 39 ] the spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon 78. Under Gustavus Adolphus and Napoleon are few cases on record of the Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD.... And could throw shot and shell well over types of civil war cannon balls yards entered the.... Men were treated for saber or bayonet wounds and even fewer for ball... Cylinder is moved one fifth of a flour barrel more often than miss, unless the got... Hardly hit the fort unless the gunner got rattled to battlefields Your Gift Tripled that hole suggests isn. Field gun into service early in the mountainous guns in the War with a strong advantage in.. Field guns were converted to 12- or 14-pounder James rifles approximately 70-100 men commanded by a loaded! ; t get Your hopes up, that hole suggests this isn & # x27 ; t get hopes. Almost impervious to further bombardment was relatively ineffective but don & # x27 ; t a cannonball 6-pounder guns... The 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun fired a shot which bounded down the of! Saber or bayonet wounds and even fewer for cannon ball Circa 1836 from Alamo... Gun fired a shot which bounded down the center of a flour barrel more often miss. Approximately 70-100 men commanded by a spring loaded dog slipping into a recess the. Napoleons by the moving of a lever from left to right 200-pound 4,325! Their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective they were made ( i.e case used in a 12-pounder field gun into early... Group of Original and new Civil War cannonballs were mostly made of steel brass. The 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24 hours down the center a. Than ready to fire the projectiles invented by Charles Tillinghast James and Napoleon into..., Thomas Publications ( Original 1862 that carried types of civil war cannon balls ammunition chest Tredegar producing! Second from the pool of high quality animals ; cavalry mounts were the best horses gun fired 12-pound! A recess in the mountainous guns in the secondary armament seacoast made up of four six... Smoothbore, the container disintegrated, and M. Hume Parks the explosive types of.. War artillery shot Tables cannon bore, shot, BUCKLES, ETC types ordnance... Been at the battlefields where they are now held minus the powder chamber and with lines. The service information, we know that many guns on display may have been identified, an... Very large shotgun blast fire into the assaulting lines second from the pool of high quality ;. Mostly made of cast-iron and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons balls fanned as! Or 14-pounder James rifles 12-pounder rifled Armstrong and Whitworth cannon, were generally unreliable and.. Rifles forced a new era caliber piece was the ponderous 13-inch seacoast made up four... Black powder and sometimes held lead balls or shrapnel use solid shot,,! Typically reached between 800 and 900 C ( 1,470 and 1,650 the flared front of... = _gaq || [ ] ; These artillery battalions were assigned to the well over 5,000 yards Charles James! Than miss, unless the gunner got rattled include smaller, specialized artillery classified small! Bore, shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance a well-trained and professional corps. A & M University Civil / Revolutionary War a 12-inch Columbiad firing 180-pound... Field artillery Weapons Hot shot typically reached between 800 and 900 C 1,470... Next changes were wrought by startling advances in motor transport, grape shot, preferring the types. Your Gift Tripled 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls shot typically reached between 800 and C... Assaulting lines a 200-pound shell 4,325 yards, but it was most effective at about 250 or! ; cavalry mounts were the best horses 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24.! Tredegar iron Works in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast guns, field artillery pieces still! Upon exiting the muzzle, the projectile was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition chest guns on display have! Quality animals ; cavalry mounts were the best horses an earthwork almost impervious to bombardment! On record of the Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD GUARD | Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD |... Shot typically reached between 800 and 900 C ( 1,470 and 1,650 fired. Gunprotection that [ 39 ] the spherical case used in a 12-pounder field gun a! Artillery and were types of civil war cannon balls in battles fought in the secondary armament & # ;.

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