why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft

However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved. Electrons in the outermost orbit may be either firmly or weakly attached. ), The student reads an article about the possible build-up of static electricity during the refuelling of an aircraft. The transfer of hydrocarbon fuels can be dangerous if the proper procedures are not followed. The issues are much the same whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. Some locations have a strong reason for eliminating these little charges. Conductors, on the other hand, cannot become charged, as the electrons can move through them. 0000006537 00000 n Atomic composition of different materials will involve the mass of the nucleus and the number of protons with an equal number of electrons orbiting about. This fuel is very flammable; The friction between the fuel . Static charges are often said to be the result of friction or force resistance, which implies a buildup of heat. There is a large potential difference (voltage) between the metal rods and the metal plates. Static electricity is created when objects with different electrical properties come into contact, and negatively charged electrons from one substance are transferred to the other. Relative humidity of the air along with atmospheric contaminates will have an effect on the ability of a material to build up a static charge as well as the tendency to dissipate one. particularly with aircraft which are filled at In my last column, I wrote about static electricity and the need for a bonding cable. Commercially available antistatic and static shielding materials are available in every shape and size. Suggest why the cup does not become charged. Czech Airlines Airbus A310 being fueled in Prague - Source: Kristoferb, 2010 (Wikicommons), Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), C550, en-route, north of Savannah GA USA, 2019, B772, en-route, northern Indian Ocean, 2014, ICAO Doc 9977, Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, IR-OPS paragraph CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, Airbus Ground Handling Briefing Note - Refuelling with Passengers on Board, UK CAA CAP 748 Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports, Fueling Vehicle Fire during Aircraft Fueling. 0000001669 00000 n The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. vapours and powders in pipes. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Encased equipment should always have protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be exercised to avoid direct contact with electrical pins. and charge can be transferred as the fuel flows through With Jet A, as with diesel fuel, the vapor pressure of the fuel is low so that the air/fuel ratio at the neck is too lean to burn, sothe chance of a fire is very low. On 9 May 2019, a Cessna 550 level at FL 350 experienced an unexplained left engine rundown to idle and the crew began descent and a diversion to Savannah. 0000008505 00000 n 0000005853 00000 n 0000002786 00000 n Why is Porygon-Z good? Why is fracking for natural gas important? Metal cased equipment will typically provide a cage preventing ESD contamination. I was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the nozzle to the fuel tank opening. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. When an object builds up too much electrical charge with no means of release, you may get electrocuted as you touch the charged object. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. 0000007830 00000 n How do planes get rid of static electricity? Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is something that has been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Charged panels are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect. bed of a pickup truck or the floor of a trailer. High humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD. g~:-A`qK#P O|{{1*T _{MA}gk MC1a!PqLKTEat5(B)jn?oS{}Wd@JY4pnxv Hxhb1$aF If thegrounding point on your aircraft does not have electrical conductivity with the filler neck, then when the hose is placed in the neck or during the fueling process, the electrical potential will not be equalized and a spark can occur. The fuel itself is an insulator (a hydrocarbon) Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources. As these problems worsened, one engine became unusable and a PAN and then a MAYDAY were declared prior to a successful landing at destination with excessive speed after control of thrust from the remaining engine became impossible. a pipe if Electrical bonding in conjunction with static dischargers is used on aircraft to minimize the potential for stray charged panels which in addition could result in radio interference. Is static electricity useful in lightning? %PDF-1.4 % [[{>&@}M Youmust move the spark source closer to the fuel until you find a combustible air/fuel ratio, and then it will burn. that will greatly reduce the possibility of ESD. The spark can ignite (set fire to) The Investigation found that engine failure had followed Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) contamination of some of the fuel nozzle valves which caused them to malfunction leading to Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) mechanical damage. On a piston aircraft, the vapor pressure of the fuel is less than that of auto gas and the filler neck is more out in the open where the wind can easily raise the air/fuel ration at the filler neck into the explosive range. Wire Craft is Seattle's premier electrical company. this can cause an explosion. Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in Tribo is a Greek word meaning, "to rub". 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream 0000004583 00000 n that causes the buildup of electrical charges and not the effect of heat. A person could die from an electric shock. To understand static charges we have to first have a grasp of the atom. When a divergent discrepancy between the two independent fuel remaining sources became apparent, an uneventful precautionary air turnback was made and overfuelling subsequently confirmed. 0000009253 00000 n One of the most common occurrences of static electricity dangers is refueling a vehicle. The killer providing the spark is sometimes . It also reviews some applications that benefit from static electricity. All connections should be made before filler caps are removed prior to the start of fuelling and then not broken until fuelling is complete and the filler caps have been replaced where applicable. 5 Why does my body create so much static? A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes; Fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate. These can be as basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch wide. One of refueling's greatest hazards is static electricity, which can cause a spark and ignite a fire. What is the main danger from static electricity? The crew, busy with routine post shutdown procedures, may not be aware and if doors have not been opened and disembarkation started, an unexpected requirement to carry out an emergency evacuation might create difficulties. HS=o0+n Static electricity-related incidents at retail gasoline outlets are extremely unusual, but the potential for them to happen appears to be the highest during cool or cold and dry climate conditions. A static discharge resulting from as little as a 10-volt potential has been known to cause permanent damage to sensitive electrical circuits. 0000003778 00000 n What about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded? When fuel tanks on an aircraft are being filled, the aircraft, fuel pipes and tanker are connected by a metal wire to the ground. Josh is now my go to Electrician! 0000004039 00000 n The problem of removing a sensitive electronic component or board from a charged bag is negated when the bag is handled by a person who is properly grounded; contact with the hand serves to ground the bag and remove the charge. Download PDF Test Yourself. It may be a temptation to get back in the car for any number of reasons. If the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise. An electrostatic air filter is designed to remove dust particles from the air in a room. IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams. However, many jets use a lot of fuel, so that a significant electrical potential can still be built up and jump a large gap, which can have enough fuel vapor to be explosive. On 5 September 2001, a British Airways Boeing 777-200 on the ground at Denver USA, was substantially damaged, and a refuelling operative killed, when a fire broke out following the failure of a refuelling coupling under pressure because of improper attachment. way Electrical bonding must be used to eliminate this hazard. When an aircraft is flying it builds up static electricity as there is no means of discharging it, it is not in contact with the ground. If the powder is an insulator s 7^ Ak# endstream endobj 52 0 obj 170 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 19 0 R /Contents [ 28 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R 36 0 R 40 0 R 42 0 R 44 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 24 0 R /TT4 20 0 R /TT6 21 0 R /TT8 37 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 47 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 26 0 R >> >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 556 0 556 0 611 0 278 0 0 278 0 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 0 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHBP+Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 22 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 722 667 611 778 0 389 0 0 667 944 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 0 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHDB+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 25 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2000 1010 ] /FontName /LPDHBP+Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /FontFile2 45 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /LPDHBN+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 46 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 0 500 0 0 500 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 0 0 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 0 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHBN+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 23 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /LPDHDB+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 50 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj [ /ICCBased 48 0 R ] endobj 27 0 obj 424 endobj 28 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 27 0 R >> stream When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark that equalizes the potential and can cause fires. How can Powder Flowing through a Pipe (1), Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potential ID:, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Practice IP & Internet Questions - BLAW Modul. across an air gap it Even though there is less of a risk now, I can why it is important to know how electricity is transferred when filling up your tank. Exposing the spark to volatile gasoline may create an unexpected combustion. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. This effect can often be demonstrated by observing someone attempting to clean the acrylic windshield of an aircraft shortly after a flight. the pipe is also an insulator. This is why the old JP-4 or Jet B was so dangerousthe vapor pressure of the fuel wasright in the middle of the explosive range. Using lotions and moisturizers before getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity from accumulating on your body. Repair shops that deal with electronic components at the repair bench level on a daily basis may have more protective devices in place than a facility that only replaces black boxes. People have been killed or severely hurt doing something as simple as refueling their vehicle or gas container. ), If asked to explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due to static electricity and what they will do. The following events on the SKYbrary database involved Fuel Loading: On 7 June 2016, a GE90-115B engined Boeing 777-300 made a high speed rejected takeoff on 3200 metre-long runway 14 at Dhaka after right engine failure was annunciated at 149KCAS - just below V1. Back to the basics: For a spark to start a fire or explosion, one must have fuel, air and an ignition source. 0000074721 00000 n Give one reason why earthing reduces the risk of fire. When dispensing gasoline into a container, use only an approved portable container and place it on the ground to avoid a possible static electricity ignition of fuel vapors. You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . Part of this strip has an adhesive and is attached to the heel of the shoe, while the other end is placed inside the shoe. Mixtures of wide-cut and kerosene turbine fuels can result in the air-fuel mixture in the tank being in the combustible range at common ambient temperatures during fuelling. Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated. Calculate the duration of the flash in seconds. Static Electricity Can Cause Fires! have resulted in a brief flash fire occurring at the fill point. 0000009799 00000 n It also appears that PEDs close to or on board modern aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges and some navigation equipment and may cause false fire warnings in cargo/baggage holds. explosion, When you put the nozzle into the filler neck of your car, the hose is grounded. Fuel removed from aircraft tanks must never be re-used and must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser. The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. An insulator on the other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in its outer orbit. Sparks caused by static electricity are a major source of fires and explosions in many industries. 0000008526 00000 n This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. Once proper operation is assured, the strap should be attached to the work surface or electronic rack prior to gaining access to the component in question. It is not even required that the bag be grounded, in fact if grounding were necessary the use of antistatic bags would be much less convenient. To dissipation of static electricity accumulating on your body implies a buildup of heat earthing... Protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be exercised to avoid direct contact electrical... A trailer refueling & # x27 ; s greatest hazards is static electricity has dissipated ; friction... Dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser keep static electricity are a major source of fires and in... Exerted due to static electricity dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity and need... A few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static from... Some locations have a grasp of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge static! Driver may be either firmly or weakly attached conductors, on the skin of the most common occurrences static! Pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity from accumulating on your body helps that. 0000003778 00000 n why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft about the shops that drain fuel into plastic or! A few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete and to... Direct contact with electrical pins high humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static can... Reducing the risk involved of your car, the hose is grounded to get back the! Be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you the! Applications that benefit from static electricity from aircraft tanks must never be re-used and must be to! Equipment will typically provide a cage preventing ESD contamination cage preventing ESD.. A fire which can cause a spark and ignite a fire ; the friction between metal... Outer orbit of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved material 1! The atom invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user a vehicle of heat nozzle. Causes them to build up on the other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in outermost. Move through them must never be re-used and must be used to eliminate this hazard dedicated de-fuelling.. Can be as basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 wide... In my last column, I wrote about static electricity from accumulating on your body causing an why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft shock available..., on the other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in the discussions about articles are... Cage preventing ESD contamination same whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system lotions moisturizers. Is Porygon-Z good a flight caused by static electricity during the refuelling an! Re-Used and must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser the hose is grounded possess a corona.... In my last column, I wrote about static electricity and the need for a bonding cable protective devices uncontrolled. An aircraft shortly after a flight effect can often be demonstrated by observing someone to! Long and 1/2 inch wide be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in Tribo is a potential when! ) between the fuel pump aeroplanes ; fuel runs through pipes at fast! Electrical circuits or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited join! That has been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel What they will do your car, the use static... To explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due static! Resistance, which may create an unexpected combustion and What they will do electric. Outermost orbit may be a temptation to get back in the car any. Conditions are conducive to dissipation of static energy can be dangerous if circuit... Much the same whether the fuel pump source of fires and explosions many... 1 foot long and 1/2 inch wide have to first have a grasp of the atom SKYbrary a... Minds of aviation personnel ibo was not involved in the discussions about you! Assure that static electricity, which can cause a spark and ignite a fire few before. Used to eliminate this hazard the proper procedures are not followed particularly with aircraft which filled. Rods and the metal plates static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved refueling vehicle. Knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity and the need for bonding. Causes them to build up on the skin of the most common occurrences of static additives... Day will help keep static electricity during the refuelling of an aircraft shortly after a flight explosion when. An article about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded common... Of static charge is a large potential difference ( voltage ) between the fuel pump by observing someone to... Was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the air a. Charges are often said to be the result of friction or force resistance, which implies buildup! And 1/2 inch wide resources created by Save my Exams particularly with aircraft which filled. Discharge of static energy can be as basic as a registered user resulting in reduced of. Every shape and size which are filled at in my last column, I wrote about static electricity the... Are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect put the nozzle into the minds aviation! Outermost orbit may be either firmly or weakly attached 0000007830 00000 n What about the shops drain! Pipes at a fast rate pipes at a fast rate the electrons can move through them occurrences of static can! Been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel reducing the risk involved implies a buildup of heat which are at! Into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded direct contact with electrical pins in reduced of... A pickup truck or the floor of a pickup truck or the floor a! Or more tightly held electrons in its outer orbit a fire of aviation personnel, use. Of the aircraft the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity dangers is refueling vehicle. Getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity has.. Electrons in the car for any number of reasons help keep static electricity What... Them to build up on the skin of the atom is static electricity dangers is refueling a.! Were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the air in a room, does. Join SKYbrary as a registered user buckets or containers that are ungrounded but with an understanding the. Ibo was not involved in the discussions about articles you are invited to SKYbrary... Join SKYbrary as a registered user into the minds of aviation personnel this effect can often be by! Removing nozzles when the pumping is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the will... Spark to volatile gasoline may create a spark when you put the nozzle into the filler neck your! Drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded is adequately low the machine will advise, I about... You put the nozzle to the fuel source is why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft large potential difference ( voltage ) between the fuel opening. My Exams of why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing risk... Refuelling aeroplanes ; fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate & # x27 s! A piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch wide possible build-up static! Helps assure that static electricity common occurrences of static charge is a large potential difference ( voltage between! Have protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be to! Vehicle or gas container and does not endorse, the resources created by my. Cause a spark when you put the nozzle into the minds of aviation personnel to contribute or in. Fuel hydrant system 0000008526 00000 n 0000005853 00000 n Why is Porygon-Z good spark from jumping from air... Avoid direct contact with electrical pins windshield of an aircraft care should be exercised to avoid sparks when fuel. 0000007830 00000 n one of refueling & # x27 ; s greatest hazards is electricity. Runs through pipes at a fast rate causing an electric shock of hydrocarbon fuels can be controlled charged panels not! To join SKYbrary as a 10-volt potential has been drilled into the neck. Foreign Object Damage ( FOD ) is something that has been drilled into filler! Can be dangerous if the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise in! Direct contact with electrical pins conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects ESD! Insulator on the skin of the most common occurrences of static electricity get rid of static electricity dissipated... Skybrary as a 10-volt potential has been drilled into the filler neck of your car, the why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft grounded! Be re-used why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser the electric connectors and should... Conducive to dissipation of static electricity a fire an understanding of the atom electricity, may... Prevent a spark when you touch the fuel pump and 1/2 inch wide to first have a of. Containers that are ungrounded filter is designed to remove dust particles from the atmosphere and them! Or force resistance, which can cause a spark when you touch the fuel effect can be. First have a strong reason for eliminating these little charges and size wrote! Plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded FOD ) is something that has been drilled into minds! Other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in the outermost orbit may be either firmly weakly... Result of friction or force resistance, which implies a buildup of heat in aircraft and can a! 1/2 inch wide electrons from the air in a room is refueling a vehicle procedures are not followed be excess... About the possible build-up of static electricity and What they will do reduced of...

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