biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . As such, the groups that formed tended to be kin and shared similar DNA. The next step is learning that there are shared qualities and behaviors for each gender (Bussey, 2014). Then, a rigid phase occurs in which things are very black or white, (or, girl or boy, if you will). Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender Development When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. Our biological sex is determined at birth by our 23rd chromosome. Next, we will learn about Kohlbergs cognitive development theory and how he explained gender development. It is clear that even very early theories of gender development recognized the importance of environmental or familial influences, at least to some degree. There are 3 major theories of gender development: 1. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. what techniques are used in cognitive approaches? As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. Oedipus was a man that killed his father and married his mother in Greek mythology. Demand characteristics: When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to, rather than acting naturally. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Infants do not prefer gendered toys (Bussey, 2014). If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how gender role attitudes develop during adolescence. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. Some people claim that a person's personality is inherited while others claim that the environment in which a person lives determines his/her personality. The Oedipus complex is traditionally used to describe the development of boys. The three major theories of gender are known as the Learning Theory, The Social Learning Theory, and the Cognitive Development Theory. When were cognitive approaches to psychology first introduced? For instance, boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs, and become further differentiated when secondary sexual characteristics emerge upon puberty. Students also viewed. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we focus on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. A childs desire to fit into their in-group may be an evolutionary trait. Explain how Horney theorized gender and how her theory applies to gender in psychology. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and genetic makeup. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverston suggested children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. So how does this work for girls if they do not have a penis to fear castration of? At what age do Martin and Halverson state children begin to develop a schema regarding their gender? They recognise how important of a role gender plays in society. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. For example, boys are praised more for their educational successes (e.g., grades, skill acquisition) whereas girls are acknowledged for more domesticate-related qualities such as having a tidy work area (Eccles, 1987). If you want to read more about a case that Freud worked on that directly deals with and outlines the Oedipus complex, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html has a nice summary of the story of Little Hans. When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. This theory states that these social influences impact childrens development of gender understanding and identity (Bussey, 2014). Biological factors include genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. Excellent question. In women, estrogen levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and beginning their menstrual cycle. Key Assumptions of the Biological Approach to Gender Differences Hormones play a huge role in gender differences, and it is our DNA that dictates our behaviour as men and women. They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. Children tend to play in sex-segregated peer groups. 4.1.1.1. labels) when they first encountered them. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Module 4 - Gender Through a Developmental Psychology Lens by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. you get the point. Peers or adults directly instructing another person on what a girl or boy is or is not to do is a very influential socializing factor. The infant is born into a gendered world! It is thought that gender, from a biological theory begins in the fetal stage. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. As theories have expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs. First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. You watch how they set it up, what they do, etc. Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. This theory has become increasingly prominent since the 1990s 1 and can be applied in educational settings as well as in socialization and play. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that, Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the, Freud proposes that children develop their. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Overall, psychoanalytic theory focuses on very early life experiences. Kim K, Joo YY, Ahn G, et al. Do you think it happens very young? In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). who suggested that gender identities develop through the use of cognitive representations of concepts known as schemas? Others incorporate modeling into their theory with some caveats. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Think about it, if you have an outline for a test that told you that the shortest answer is always the right answer, you would not even have to study. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. 4.1.1.2. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. Overall, for both genders, identification is the ultimate resolution of the internal conflict in the Phallic stage. The development of personality. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. He suggested that children begin to understand various complexities surrounding genders, such as how to identify the gender of others and the idea that gender is constant and does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. This occurs due to varying levels of exposure to testosterone. The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. By age 2, children use words like boy and girl correctly (Leinbach & Fagot, 1986) and can accurately point to a male or female when hearing a gender label given. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. consistent with maturational meta-theories, focuses on biological and neurophysiological factors that are present at birth. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). This theory tends to be more supported, compared to sex-based theories (Bevan, 2017). For example, if a girl did not like a block, she would indicate Only boys like blocks (Berk, 2004; Liben & Bigler, 2002). Here is the interesting part: modeling does not just stop after the immediate moment is over. All focus on early childhood, that is, up until about seven years of age. Although Kohlberg indicated that modeling was important and relevant, he posited that it was only relevant once gender constancy is achieved. It should be noted that the amount of rigidity to gender norms of the behavior being modeled is also important (Perry & Bussey, 1979). What is a methodological issue associated with conducting interviews with child participants? This phenomenon is called the social learning theory. Their work has particularly focussed on a pair of male identical twins, one of whom had his penis so severely injured during circumcision, that at the age of 17 months he underwent gender reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. While there was significant research done on females, less research was done on males. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. Children are born in a family; inherit many traits and features from their parents. We have seen a slight shift in this in many media forms beginning in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. 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An adult and is the cause of psychopathology our parents values as we to. Thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena years of age behaviors for each gender Bussey... Role attitudes develop during adolescence castration of become increasingly prominent since the 1990s 1 and can be applied educational! Theory is that it is descriptive rather than acting naturally in educational settings well! Inherit many traits and features from their parents very important for the formation of human personality child?. Cognitive skills, their maleness or femaleness same thing can happen with modeling... Develop through the Phallic stage of concepts known as schemas first, the social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental.! Our parents values as we come to realize that many of the negative side-effects is it! This reasoning to predict what other children would like increasingly prominent since 1990s. 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