khait landslide damage cost
A house damaged in the 2004 San Simeon earthquake. Mount Kelud, in Eastern Java, Indonesia, is quite infamous as an extremely active, hazardous volcano, and one which has erupted about 30 times in the past killing thousands of people in its volcanic disasters. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. For the fastest reinstatement, please tell us your IP . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The avalanche travelled a distance of 16.5 kilometers. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2009.08.007 Corpus ID: 128681252; Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life @article{Evans2009LandslidesTB, title={Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life}, author={Stephen G. Evans and Nicholas J. Roberts and A. Ischuk and Keith B. Delaney and Galina S. Morozova and Olga V . The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. These primary hazards often produce secondary hazards such as ruptured utility lines, hazardous spills, and fires. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait Received 6 September 2008 earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. This will be the topic of an upcoming post.ReferenceEvans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. The final volume of the landslide is estimated to be about 75 MCM. The following project staff has been involved in project activities: Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Ms. Olga Krutkina (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Mirzo Saidov, Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Akmal Akhmedov (field work, map development and report-writing), Phd of Geographic Sciences, Mr. Kirill Pshenichny (map development), Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Mr. Vladislav Minaev (map development), Mr. Alexander Dudnik (map marking) and Mr. Bunyod Sabzaliev (project logistics and general coordination). About 33 villages were buried under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. Regular readers will know that one of my interests lies in trying to get a better understanding of the loss of life associated with landslides. In order to fill this gap, the mission of the present study is to survey, characterize and develop a modern evidence-based geological and cartographical basis of scale 1:200 000 reflecting the development of basic hazardous natural processes in this region. Tectonic and gravity-induced deformation along the active TalasFergana Fault, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Strug landslide in W Slovenia: A complex multi-process phenomenon, Techniques, advances, problems and issues in numerical modelling of landslide hazard, Physically-based modelling of granular flows with Open Source GIS, A Review of Recent Case Studies of Landslides Investigated in the Tien Shan Using Microseismic and Other Geophysical Methods, preliminary description and slope stability analyses of the 2008 little Salmon lake and 2007 Mt. Costs are for different periods and are unadjusted for inflation; therefore, strict comparisons of data from different years should be avoided. It ended up carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of water, mud, and rocks, which reached the village of Yungay and smothered all life forms therein under its deadly cover. [2] . Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. Why is it important to carry out a porosity test before perming? One significant but until now slightly elusive such event has been the 1949 Khait earthquake. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Privacy Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Triggered by natural or artificial disturbances, landslides occur along steep sloping regions. Vargas Tragedy. Damm 2013).Most landslide databases store data sets on landslide location and thus provide functionality for landslide susceptibility modeling (cf. This report summarizes the costs of landslide damage in San Diego County, Calif., during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 and compares them with data for certain other areas in the United States. This released large volumes of water, itself laden with mud, rock, and ice, into the valley below with an unimaginably high force. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Topple: A block of rock that tilts or rotates forward and falls, bounces, or rolls down the slope 4 f Landslides Occurrence, Affects and Parts Occurrence Parts of Land slide 1. Sierra Leone Mudslides. North India Flood mudslides, Kedarnath, India, June 2013 (5,700 deaths), 4. This means that about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event! Project activities were carried out on the basis of individual contract between United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Mr. Viktor Snezhko. A pyroclastic flow from the crater of the volcano had melted the glaciers in the mountain and sent deadly lahars, saturated with mud, ice, snow, and volcanic debris, rushing down the mountain at killer speeds towards the residential areas directly below it. "The Tragedy of Khait: A Natural Disaster in Tajikistan", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)021[0091:TTOKAN]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khait_landslide&oldid=1140272511, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:01. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. 1949, Khait, Tajikstan. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Consistent cloudbursts and incessant monsoon rainfall were primarily held responsible for the disaster, which has been officially termed as a natural calamity. Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. 1933. In January of 1962, a thaw triggered the breaking off of a portion of the north summit of the mountain, leading to a landslide/avalanche that led to the tragic death of nearly 4,500 people. The timing and location of this event, soon after the war in an area about which the Soviet Union was very secretive, has meant that it has been very difficult to determine any details about the landslides that were triggered in the earthquake. Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. ADVERTISEMENT. Buildings can crumble or collapse, trapping people inside and burying streets in rubble. When newly built in 1963, the Vajont Dam in Italy was the tallest in the world but building the dam proved fatal as it activated strong seismic activity. [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. Heavy rainfall caused havoc in the Northern states of India and around June 16, 2013, a series of landslides and floods took over five thousand lives. On March 11, 1996, OES forwarded the city's appeal to Region IX with the request that the DSR be revised to include landslide repair costs that are eligible under 44 CFR 206.225. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. Approximately 4000 people were killed in the Yasman valley loess flow as 20 villages (kishlaks) were overwhelmed. The landslide dam located downstream came apart after the earthquake, precisely 45 days later, on October 9. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), 7. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. Almost all of the villages that were mentioned were either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. (2009). . A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A relentless downpour with stubborn heavy rain on the slopes of Sierra de Avila in the state of Vargas in Venezuela laid the foundation for thousands of fatal landslides around December 15, 1999, that went down in history as the deadliest. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. Haiyuan Flows, Ningxia, China, December 1920 (100,000+ deaths), Geotechnical Engineering Rule of Thumb Rajapakse Free PDF, Drilled Shafts Construction Procedures And Design Methods Free PDF, Advanced Soil Mechanics Braja.Das Free PDF, An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Holtz & Kovacs Free PDF, Principales And Practice Of Ground Improvement Free PDF, Seismic Design Of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Free PDF, Concrete Box Culvert analysis and Design Spreadsheet, Russia-Japan railway bridge would let you travel from London to Tokyo, Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification, x-Force keygen for ALL Autodesk products v2020. Attention is drawn to the importance of both the education and training of the local people in the recognition of signs of potential movement and a reporting management system. The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. In late 2004 and early 2005, an intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region. Just before dawn on December 13, 1941, disaster struck the Peruvian city when a landslide resulted in glacial ice crashing down into Lake Palcacocha, generating huge waves that completely destroyed the dam on the lake. (2003) Rockfall hazard analysis for Hong Kong based on rockfall inventory Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. It does not store any personal data. Erosion and undercutting of slopes by streams, rivers, glaciers, or waves increase slope angles and decrease slope stability. Earthquake destruction begins with the earth's violent shaking that can rupture the earth, trigger landslides and turn the surface of the earth to liquid. It has been 11 days since the town of Oso, north of Seattle,. This was catastrophic for those living below the dam. The areas worst affected were Manila . The debris that traveled a shocking 10.2 miles, carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of mud, ice, and rocks came crumbling down the slope classifying this event as a landslide and avalanche. The northern wall of Mount Huascarn was destabilized, causing a rock, ice and snow avalanche and burying the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. The khait landslide traveled 7.41 kilometres in a downhill with a distance of 1421 metres. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. Most of the landslides occurred along the sides of the Yasman River valley, a tributary of the Surkhob River, caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. The geology, historical seismicity, progressive disintegration of the rock mass, development of smectite layers and the continuous development and movement of shears within the Philippine Fault Zone combine in the steep rugged terrain to produce massive landslides, of which the 15 million m3 Guinsaugon event was the latest. These landslides. However, some rather speculative reports have suggested that the impacts were very large for example this article in Mountain Research and Development reported a huge landslide at a site that it termed Borgulchak Rock. Steele landslides, Yukon, Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Earthquakes, Landslides, Dams and Reservoirs in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment, The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers, Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand, Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic, A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors, Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review, 2nd INQUA-IGCP 567 International Workshop on Active Tectonics, Earthquake Geology, Archaeology and Engineering, Large landslides associated with a diapiric fold in Canelles Reservoir (Spanish Pyrenees): Detailed geological-geomorphological mapping, trenching and electrical resistivity imaging, Morphologic description of the Punta cola rock avalanche and associated minor rockslides caused by the 21 April 2007 Aysn earthquake (Patagonia, southern Chile), Extremely large rockslides and rock avalanches in the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure, Investigating Rock-Slope Failures in the Tien Shan: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of International Cooperation (M111), Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experiments and Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design, Heavy rainfall triggered loessmudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China, Landslide dams and their hazard after the 25 April 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Central Nepal, A study on socio economic effects of landslides in Iran, Investigating the effect of earthquakes on open pit mine slopes, A Review of the Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Investigations in Landslide Studies, Invited review A unified landslide classification system for loess slopes: A critical review-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population, Past to present deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps: from the foreland to the Giudicarie belt, Usoy Natural Dam: Problem of Security (Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tadjikistan), Tien Shan geohazards database: Earthquakes and landslides, Seismotectonics of the Tajik Basin and Surrounding Mountain Ranges, Dense GPS profiles across the northwestern tip of the IndiaAsia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression, Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes, Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan, Gravity effects caused by moderate earthquakes: role of local fault pattern, Window-Based Morphometric Indices as Predictive Variables for Landslide Susceptibility Models, Large rockslides in the Southern Central Andes of Chile (3234.5S): Tectonic control and significance for Quaternary landscape evolution, Back-calculation of the 2017 Piz Cengalo-Bondo landslide cascade with r.avaflow. [3] Published estimates of the number of casualties range from 5,000 to 28,000. Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the north side of the Surkhob River valley. One of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Van Den Eeckhaut and Hervs 2012).This is important as a regional landslide susceptibility model is at . Dear Ms. Merick: This is in response to your letter dated July 16, 2021, which transmitted the referenced second appeal on behalf of Ohio Township (Applicant). The result is wearing off of the earths surface. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). This blog Famous as being one of the most severe landslide dam breach events in Chinese history, it claimed thousands of lives. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Reports suggest a loss of about 10% of the Vargas population. In December of 1941, the residents of Huaraz, a Peruvian city in the Ancash region, were completely unaware that a retreating glacier tongue above their city would soon be responsible for wreaking havoc its people and claim thousands of the lives living within. Most Expensive Home Insurance Claims Claims for water damage and freezing are the third most-costly type of home insurance claim. It travelled with an estimated velocity of about 40m/s.[3]. The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. Hence, the lethal waters, laden with debris from dam construction and large volumes of mud and rocks, inundated towns and villages and buried all forms of life that came in its way. The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern ed consistent with a volume of 10 MCM of loess material becoming entrained. The other landslide considered is a very large and complex flowslide that swept down the Yasman Valley, covering about 20 km. There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. However, a section of environmentalists, scientists, and the educated public think otherwise. 1 What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? Impact Forecasting LLC 200 East Randolph Street Chicago, IL 60601 t: 1.312.381.5919 f: 1.312.381.0181 www.aonbenfield.com Event Recap Report: 11210 Haiti Earthquake Impact Information about the costs of damage and the benefits of measures to reduce landslide damage highlights the The most catastrophic part of landslides is that the rapidly moving debris can cause unexpected dangers to arise by means of broken water, gas, electric, or sewage lines which adds to the threat of losing lives. Kelud Lahars, East Java, Indonesia, May 1919 (5,000+ deaths), 5. In a typical year in the United States, expansive soils cause damage to more homes than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. Moving downhill with high velocity, these killer lahars swallowed all that came their way. The mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held responsible for the environmental damage. This gives a total fatality count of about 7,200 far lower than previous counts, but still substantial of course. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 6. For that reason, work to re-examine past seismically-driven events is very welcome, helping us to get a much better understanding of the range of processes and impacts in these events. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Direct costs include damage to structures and roads, whereas indirect costs include items such as decreased property values, lost productivity, and the expense of driving longer distances when roads are blocked. 70 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Yungay, Peru, May 1970 (22,000 deaths), 3. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. The landslide has a volume of about 20 cubic kilometers, a depth of 300 m, a travel distance of 14 km and a width of 5 km. On steep slopes Crown: un-displaced material still in 2. Date and Time of Occurrence: September 20, 2018 around 0600H Impact Area Including Barangays Affected: Portions of Sitio Tagaytay (crown area) and Sitio Sindulan (toe area) in Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu.Northeastern portion of the quarry area of Apo Land & Quarry . Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. "Beginning from 2011, UNDP has been implementing Tajik-Afghan Poverty Reduction Initiative (TAPRI), financed by the Government of Japan and aimed at addressing cross-border issues in the south of Tajikistan and the north of Afghanistan. Those past landslides reshape the slope, making it. The calamity was so dreadful that the bodies could not be retrieved as they had sunk beyond a recovery point, some even washed away in the sea as an added result of the floods. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and . A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. This is mainly due to the fact that the Australian landscape has an elevation that is relatively low, making it the lowest continent. The air bomb and the tidal wave took as many as 2,500 lives, wiping out the citys population plus also forcing the destruction of many more nearby towns and villages although the dam was pretty intact retaining two-thirds of the water after this misfortune. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. The exact number of lives lost to the landslides or the earthquake is not very clear but the horrific event that happened during the Chinese Civil War took at least 200,000 lives which makes it one of the worst disasters by death toll in China. [3], The main shock was preceded by two foreshocks (M5.1 and M5.6) on 8 July, just 12 minutes apart. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. From February 20 to March 28, 2012, the project had carried out Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in Tajik and Afghan target territories and had developed hazard maps following the assessment. The dams function was to retain the glacial meltwaters of Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the lakes glaciers. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". It triggered hundreds of landslides throughout the epicentral area. The rock mass began to travel to the northwest as a rockslide into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), 8. 383-408 December (SCI journal published by Springer). Evans et al. The work was determined to be ineligible because there was no damage to the roadway at that time, and there was no apparent immediate threat. Some 1,221 people died and the barangay of Guinsagon was buried. Before they can be expected to take action, local governments need to have an appreciation of costs of damage in their areas of responsibility and of the reductions in losses that can be achieved.
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