how did islam impact the middle east

The month of fasting is also joyous. Like the Umayyads who preceded him, 'Abd al-Malik was forced to devote a substantial part of his reign to political problems. The political status of Islam, and the role Muhammad had given it as a political as well as a religious force, was reinforced in the military conquests. Islam spread from the Middle East to take hold across North Africa during the second half of the 7th century CE when the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) . Elsewhere, Muslim leaders such as the Mahdi in the Sudan and 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi in Algeria took direct action. As Islam spread across the Arabian Peninsula and later across North Africa and the Middle East, it had an aggregating effect. The Turkish defeat in the First World War (in which the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany and the Central Powers) finally discredited the Young Turks, however, and paved the way for the success of a new nationalist movement under the leadership of an army officer named Mustafa Kemal, later known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." In this manner the Indians would render Roman CCC XX 111 as: 3 2 3. During the second Mongol invasion, Tamerlane had met and very nearly annihilated another rising power: the Ottomans. Photo: Hajjis spend one night camped at Muzdalifah between 'Arafat and Mina. See answer. The three most influential monotheistic religions in world history are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all of which began in the Middle East. Writers of this period also studied tribal traditions and wrote the first systematic Arabic grammars. . Yet so great was their fervor that in 1099 they took Jerusalem, establishing along the way principalities in Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Under Tamerlane, the Mongol forces swept down on Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, occupying Aleppo and Damascus and threatening - but not defeating - the Mamluks. When Europe found a new route to India - thus eliminating the traditional transshipment of goods through the Arab regions of the empire, revenues began to fall, triggering inflation, corruption, administrative inefficiency, and fragmentation of authority. Muslims, consider the Quran (sometimes spelled "Koran") to be the Word of God as transmitted by the Angel Gabriel, in the Arabic language, through the Prophet Muhammad. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. It is really good article for all people whether they are Muslims or Non Muslims. The developments in trade, indeed, are among the achievements of the 'Abbasids that are too often overlooked. His Throne extends over the heavens and earth; The list of everyday uses is almost endless: coins and paper money bear the work of expert calligraphers, wall posters and advertising signs in every town show the calligrapher's art, as do the cover and title page of every book, and the major headlines in every newspaper and magazine have been written by hand. The creation of the office of the vizier was only one of the innovations the 'Abbasids brought to statecraft. More than 60 percent of the Muslim population lives not in the Middle East, but in Asia. Here ornamental kufic is used on a Quranic page that typifies the marriage of calligraphy and illumination, an art that reached its zenith in the fourteenth century. It is a rigorous fast, but its object is not mere abstinence and deprivation; it is, rather, the subjection of the passions and the purification of one's being so that the soul is brought nearer to God. To make things more difficult, the Prophet had not left clear instructions as to who should lead the community after his death. With the shift to Damascus much was changed. After donning the ihram dress, the pilgrims may enter the haram, the sacred precinct surrounding Mecca, and then Mecca itself, where they perform the tawaf - the circling of the Ka'bah - and the sa'y - the running between two hills at al-Mas'a in Mecca. Photo: Persia's greatest contribution to ornament, gloriously colored enameled tile, faces the dome and stalactite portal of Shaykh Lutf Allah Mosque, built in the early 1600s on Isfahan's vast royal plaza. In medicine they experimented with diet, drugs, surgery, and anatomy, and in chemistry, an outgrowth of alchemy, isolated and studied a wide variety of minerals and compounds. Instead of presenting a straight historical narrative, as do the Gospels and the historical books of the Old Testament, the Quran treats, in allusive style, spiritual and practical as well as historical matters. In addition, the early Muslims tended to oppose figural art (and in some cases all art) as distracting the community from the worship of God and hostile to the strictly unitarian religion preached by Muhammad, and all four of the schools of Islamic law banned the use of images and, declared that the painter of animate figures would be damned on the Day of Judgment. Psychologists warn that addressing the mental scars caused by the earthquakes should be an urgent priority and that the most severe mental health consequences might not be fully apparent so soon . These campaigns, known as the apostasy or ridda wars, effectively consolidated Arabia into a single country under Muslim control within two years. Some of these were no more than efforts to placate European powers - which by then had great influence on the empire's policies - but others, in education and law, were important. Bayt al-Hikmah was a remarkable assemblage of scholar-translators who undertook a Herculean task: to translate into Arabic all of what had survived of the philosophical and scientific tradition of the ancient world and incorporate it into the conceptual framework of Islam. This essay looks at the spread of Islam into Southeast Asia and how religious belief and expression fit with extant and modern polictical and economic infrastructures. Photo: The Hijaz Railway, completed by the Turks in 1908, linked Damascus with Medina, eight hundred miles to the south. Enraged, the Meccans set a price on Muhammad's head and set off in pursuit. By the early years of the twentieth century the Ottoman Empire was clearly in decline and was referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe." The Fatimids won their first success in North Africa, where they established a rival caliphate at Raqqadah near Kairouan and, in 952, embarked on a period of expansion that within a few years took them to Egypt. Calligraphy - the art of "beautiful writing" -continues to be something that is not only highly prized as ornament and decoration but is immensely practical and useful as well. The first important step in the establishment of this empire was taken in 1326 when the Ottoman leader Orhan captured the town of Bursa, south of the Sea of Marmara, and made it his capital. In the early days of Islam, the extension of Islamic rule had been based on an uncomplicated desire to spread the Word of God. In the tenth century he proposed a plan to dam the Nile. Clearly, the number intended was not thirty-two but three hundred and two. In the history of the Middle Ages, this was far more important than ephemeral conquests. Photo: Founded in 970, the mosque of al-Azhar in Cairo is one of the earliest and finest examples of the Egyptian style in Islamic architecture. Dutch, French, English, and Portuguese merchants first arrived in the late fifteenth century, attracted by the wealth that could be acquired in exporting luxury items to the European market, and encouraged by the Mughal and Safavid governments, which desired trade partners to stimulate the . To Arab historians, the Crusaders were a minor irritant, their invasion one more barbarian incursion, not nearly as serious a threat as the Mongols were to prove in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Palestine, they pointed out, had been part of the Islamic world almost continually for twelve centuries; from 636 to the First World War. At a later period the Janissaries became so powerful that they made and unmade sultans at their will, and membership in the corps was a sure road to advancement. Objectively, it is the central fact of the Islamic faith, the Word of God, the final and complete revelation, the foundation and framework of Islamic law, and the source of Islamic thought, language, and action. With great difficulty, the task was carried out and the first complete manuscript compiled from "bits of parchment, thin white stones - ostracae - leafless palm branches, and the memories of men." In some ways the 'Abbasids were more fortunate than the Umayyads. The Ridda Wars ended around 634. It seems as if, in their slow retreat to the south, they suddenly realized that they were, as Washington Irving wrote, a people without a country, and set about building a memorial: the Alhambra, the citadel above Granada that one writer has called "the glory and the wonder of the civilized world.". Islamic Expansion in the Time of Muhammad and the First Four Caliphs. The earliest inscription that has been found that is identifiably Arabic is one in Sinai that dates from about A.D. 300. In fact, by emigration to North Africa and elsewhere, many Muslims carried remnants of the Spanish era with them and were thus able to make important contributions to the material and cultural life of their adopted lands. With the death of Muhammad, the Muslim community was faced with the problem of succession. The cloth trade produced a number of auxiliary exports: gold and silver thread for embroidery, gum from the Sudan for glazing, and needles, looms, and dyestuffs. Islam has had an enormous impact on the culture of the Middle East since the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Photo: A fourteenth-century manuscript of a pharmaceutical text. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. Arabic became and has remained the national language - the mother tongue - of North Africa and all the Arab countries of the Middle East. This conquest was made much easier by the weakness of the Sassanid Empire, which was wounded by internal conflicts and a lengthy war with the Byzantine Empire. The surahs themselves are of varying length, ranging from the longest, Surah 2, with 282 verses, to the shortest, Surahs 103, 108, and 110, each of which has only three. It was not until the Umayyad Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic culture began to truly spread. Jews, for example, were part of the community; they were dhimmis, that is, protected people, as long as they conformed to its laws. Islam emerged as a new powerful yet a very strong opponent of Christianity. Photo: Cursive script on Quran stand of wood, dated 1360, a fine example of Mongol art from western Turkestan. The Indian way had the advantage of using much smaller clusters of symbols and greatly simplifying written computations. In fact, the Hijrah was not a flight but a carefully planned migration which marks not only a break in history - the beginning of the Islamic era- but also, for Muhammad and the Muslims, a new way of life. The languages of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan are all written in the Arabic alphabet, as was the language of Turkey until some fifty years ago. The Berbers later also launched reform movements in North Africa which greatly influenced the Islamic civilization. Islam did much more than geographically define Europe, however. Photo: From top - Modern Arabic (western); Early Arabic (western); Arabic Letters (used as numerals); Modern Arabic (eastern); Early Arabic (eastern); Early Devanagari (Indian); Later Devanagari. A Quranic verse in the kufic script, for example, may be written so that it forms the picture of a mosque and minarets. Photo: In the ceremony of sa'y they reenact the search for water by Hagar, wife of the patriarch Abraham. Closely connected with the trade in dyestuffs was the trade in medicines, an offshoot of 'Abbasid advances in medicine and the spread of hospitals in all major Islamic cities. They also organized a bureaucracy able to cope with the complex problems of a vast and diverse empire, and made Arabic the language of government. Although the entire contents of the Quran, the placement of its verses, and the arrangement of its chapters date back to the Prophet, as long as he lived he continued to receive revelations. True to his pledge, Ibn al-Ahmar complied and Seville fell to the Christians. As Thabit's knowledge of Greek and Syriac was unrivaled, he contributed enormously to the translation of Greek scientific writing and also produced some seventy original works - in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, ethics, mechanics, music, medicine, physics, philosophy, and the construction of scientific instruments. Because there was considerable interest in new varieties - for nutritive and medicinal purposes - many new plants were introduced: sorghum, for example, which had recently been discovered in Africa. Photo: The ruq'ah script is used for headlines and titles and is the everyday written script of most of the Arab world. As a result, several traditional means of chanting, or intoning, the Quran were found side by side. Photo: A mosque in Washington, D.C., a landmark for millions of Muslims in North America. In 1147, the Almoravids were in turn defeated by another coalition of Berber tribes, the Almohads. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Led by Genghis Khan, a confederation of nomadic tribes which had already conquered China now attacked the Muslims. Nevertheless, the decline continued. The Alhambra was begun in 1238 by Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar who, to buy safety for his people when King Ferdinand of Aragon laid siege to Granada, once rode to Ferdinand's tent and humbly offered to become the king's vassal in return for peace. During this period of his life Muhammad traveled widely. And in Egypt, which 'Amr ibn al-'As took from the Byzantines after a daring march across the Sinai Peninsula, the Coptic Christians not only welcomed the Arabs, but enthusiastically assisted them. One day, as he sat in the cave, he heard a voice, later identified as that of the Angel Gabriel, which ordered him to: Recite: In the name of thy Lord who created, Created man from a clot of blood. Photo: The minaret of the Great Mosque at Kairouan in Tunisia became the prototype for the majority of North African minarets. Thereunto we give them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the caliphs and the believers. 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